Beer-Lambert law, absorbance spectra, and molar absorptivity visualization.
Beer-Lambert Law:
A = ε · c · l
where A = absorbance, ε = molar absorptivity
c = concentration, l = path length
Transmittance:
T = 10^(-A) or T = I/I₀
%T = 100 × T
Absorbance vs Wavelength:
A(λ) = ε(λ) · c · l
Spectral shape depends on electronic transitions
Molar Absorptivity:
ε = A / (c · l) [L·mol⁻¹·cm⁻¹]
Characteristic of the substance at λ_max
Qualitative: Identify substance by λ_max position
Quantitative: Determine concentration from A at fixed λ