Ideal gas behavior, kinetic theory, and particle velocity distribution.
Ideal Gas Law:
PV = nRT
R = 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)
Boyle's Law (constant T, n):
P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ → P ∝ 1/V
Charles's Law (constant P, n):
V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ → V ∝ T
Gay-Lussac's Law (constant V, n):
P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂ → P ∝ T
RMS Velocity:
v_rms = √(3RT/M)
where M = molar mass (kg/mol)
Kinetic Energy:
KE_avg = (3/2)RT (per mole)
KE_avg = (3/2)kT (per molecule)