Le Chatelier's principle, reaction quotient, and equilibrium constant visualization.
Equilibrium Constant:
Kc = [C]^c [D]^d / ([A]^a [B]^b)
Kc = kf / kr (forward / reverse rate constants)
Reaction Quotient:
Qc = [C]^c [D]^d / ([A]^a [B]^b) at any time
Qc < Kc: shifts right (products)
Qc > Kc: shifts left (reactants)
Qc = Kc: at equilibrium
Le Chatelier's Principle:
Increase [reactant]: shifts right
Decrease [product]: shifts right
Increase T (exothermic): shifts left
Increase T (endothermic): shifts right
Increase P (gas): shifts to fewer moles
Catalyst: no effect on equilibrium position